Beyond Food for Thought: Tool Use and Manufacture by Wild Nonhuman Primates in Nonforaging Contexts

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Co-authored with Arijit Pal, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Volume 47, Article No 101201
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Tool use and manufacture by wild nonhuman primates in nonforaging contexts — an important indicator of their technical intelligence — is widespread across taxa, but is sporadic in occurrence, usually being displayed by one or a few individuals within a population and typically occurring in four contexts: aggression, communication and sexual display, hygiene, and in the modification of the environment. In this review, considering the relative rarity of nonforaging tool use in the wild, we recommend the development of standardised methodologies for long-term data collection under natural conditions and the establishment of novel experimental paradigms to conduct comparative studies on captive primates. 

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