A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae
In this study, the presence of potential self-awareness traits was tested for in single and groups of wild Adelie penguins, on a remote island in Antarctica, by examining their postural and gestural responses, and reactions to their images in mirrors, during four innovative experimental paradigms: group-behaviour test, modified mirror test, hidden-head test, and the coloured-bib test.