This paper presents a review of how Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have transformed archaeological and heritage research. Rather than organizing the field around sensors and technologies, the paper proposes a research-question-driven framework, examining how geospatial methods address problems such as feature detection, settlement systems, historical geography, site extent, heritage management, built heritage documentation, and archaeoastronomy. Drawing on international scholarship and Indian case studies, the paper traces the historical evolution of geospatial approaches and discusses broader conceptual issues, including the relationship between technological innovation, archaeological evidence, and interpretation. The paper concludes with emerging directions involving AI, multi-temporal datasets, and web-based geospatial platforms for heritage research and conservation.
